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Total participants
|
MetS
|
No MetS
|
P value
|
|---|
|
(n = 2068)
|
(n = 280)
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(n = 1788)
|
|---|
|
Demographics
|
|
Age, years
|
55.6 ± 9.1
|
56.4 ± 8.4
|
55.5 ± 9.2
|
0.10
|
|
Male gender
|
1220 (59.0)
|
166 (59.3)
|
1060 (59.3)
|
1.00
|
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
26.6 ± 4.9
|
34.9 ± 5.2
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25.3 ± 3.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
128.8 ± 18.4
|
137.6 ± 17.5
|
127.4 ± 18.2
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< 0.001
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
77.1 ± 11.8
|
81.9 ± 12.3
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76.3 ± 11.6
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< 0.001
|
|
Dyslipidemia
|
1439 (69.6)
|
212 (75.7)
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1227 (68.6)
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0.02
|
|
Hypertension
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834 (40.3)
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186 (66.4)
|
648 (36.2)
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< 0.001
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
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119 (5.8)
|
46 (16.4)
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73 (4.1)
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< 0.001
|
|
Family history of CAD
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623 (30.1)
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79 (28.2)
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544 (30.4)
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0.48
|
|
Current smoker
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48 (2.3)
|
8 (2.9)
|
40 (2.2)
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0.19
|
|
Past smoker
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81 (3.9)
|
12 (4.3)
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69 (3.9)
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0.26
|
|
ASCVD risk, %
|
5.2 (2.6–10.1)
|
8.1 (4.8–15.2)
|
4.8 (2.3–9.4)
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< 0.001
|
|
Medications
|
|
Aspirin
|
244 (11.8)
|
51 (18.4)
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193 (10.8)
|
0.005
|
|
Statin
|
449 (21.7)
|
93 (33.2)
|
356 (19.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ACE-inhibitor/ARB
|
175 (8.5)
|
51 (18.2)
|
124 (6.9)
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< 0.001
|
|
Beta blocker
|
145 (7.0)
|
30 (10.8)
|
115 (6.4)
|
0.04
|
|
Diuretic
|
157 (7.6)
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40 (14.3)
|
117 (6.5)
|
0.001
|
|
Quantitative CT measures
|
|
CAC score
|
0 (0–56.6)
|
5.6 (0–92.3)
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0 (0–50.8)
|
0.001
|
|
CAC score category
|
|
0
|
1084 (52.4)
|
123 (43.9)
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961 (53.7)
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0.002
|
|
1–100
|
590 (28.5)
|
90 (32.1)
|
500 (28.0)
|
0.16
|
|
101–400
|
241 (11.7)
|
43 (15.4)
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198 (11.1)
|
0.05
|
|
> 400
|
153 (7.4)
|
24 (8.6)
|
129 (7.2)
|
0.39
|
|
EAT volume, cm3
|
78.3 (55.7–106.0)
|
114.1 (90.7–147.8)
|
73.7 (53.7–98.7)
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< 0.001
|
|
EAT attenuation, HU
|
−73.8 ± 4.8
|
−76.9 ± 4.6
|
−73.4 ± 4.6
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< 0.001
|
|
Liver attenuation, HUa
|
64.5±11.6
|
54.8±12.6
|
65.8 ± 10.3
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< 0.001
|
|
NAFLDa
|
242/1962 (12.3)
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71/273 (26.0)
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171/1689 (10.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Laboratory values
|
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
|
210.9 ± 40.1
|
210.5 ± 43.3
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211.0 ± 39.6
|
0.85
|
|
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL
|
131.3 ± 37.2
|
130.5 ± 37.6
|
131.4 ± 37.1
|
0.71
|
|
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
|
55.2 ± 17.1
|
44.7 ± 13.4
|
56.8 ± 17.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL
|
105.0 (74.0–152.0)
|
158.5 (114.5–213.0)
|
99.0 (70.0–140.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fasting glucose, mg/dL
|
96.1 ± 16.9
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102.8 ± 25.5
|
95.0 ± 14.8
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< 0.001
|
- Values are expressed as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range, 25th–75th)
- aData available in 1962 participants
- ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; CT, computed tomography; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HU, Hounsfield units; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
