Table 1 Population characteristics (Total N = 412)
From: Exercise-induced albuminuria increases over time in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism
| Characteristic | Normal EiA on both visits | Elevated EiA only on first visit | Elevated EiA only on second visit | Elevated EiA on both visits | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 269 | 58 | 37 | 48 | |
| Age, years | 48.7 (9.4) | 47.3 (10.0) | 49.3 (8.4) | 47.0 (8.3) | 0.48 |
| Men (%) | 43 (16) | 8 (14) | 6 (16) | 5 (10) | 0.78 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (3.8) | 27.0 (4.6) | 26.8 (3.2) | 29.5 (5.1) | < 0.01 |
| Δ BMI, kg/m2 | − 0.4 (3.6) | − 0.9 (4.3) | − 0.1 (3.4) | − 1.0 (2.9) | 0.55 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 125.7 (13.5) | 127.5 (13.1) | 125.0 (14.0) | 128.1 (14.9) | 0.55 |
| Δ Systolic BP, mmHg | 0.5 (13.4) | 0.2 (11.1) | − 1.1 (11.3) | 3.5 (14.1) | 0.39 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.7 (8.8) | 80.9 (9.1) | 78.5 (9.7) | 82.2 (9.2) | 0.04 |
| Δ Diastolic BP, mmHg | − 0.5 (10.6) | − 0.4 (13.5) | − 0.9 (8.5) | − 2.2 (10.6) | 0.78 |
| Rest heart rate, BPM | 68.4 (11.1) | 68.6 (12.7) | 66.5 (12.7) | 68.6 (13.3) | 0.81 |
| Δ Rest heart rate, BPM | 0.5 (11.6) | 1.1 (13.4) | − 4.5 (10.8) | 1.2 (12.4) | 0.10 |
| METs | 12.0 (2.2) | 12.2 (2.2) | 11.8 (2.4) | 12.9 (2.2) | 0.12 |
| Δ METs | 3.2 (52.6) | − 0.3 (1.9) | 0.5 (2.0) | − 0.1 (1.6) | 0.94 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl | 86.9 (8.4) | 89.4 (15.5) | 88.9 (19.2) | 92.0 (19.5) | 0.04 |
| Δ Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl | − 0.6 (9.3) | − 3.4 (10.1) | 1.0 (21.8) | − 1.0 (12.6) | 0.26 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.4 [5.2, 5.7] | 5.5 [5.3, 5.8] | 5.5 [5.3, 5.7] | 5.6 [5.2, 5.8] | 0.35 |
| Δ HbA1c, % | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.85 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 185.2 (31.6) | 187.6 (32.1) | 181.3 (38.2) | 186.9 (30.7) | 0.81 |
| Δ Total cholesterol, mg/dl | − 1.1 (27.2) | − 5.2 (22.4) | − 10.1 (21.4) | − 4.5 (28.7) | 0.20 |
| High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mg/dl | 53.1 (13.1) | 52.1 (16.3) | 52.6 (18.2) | 51.8 (16.9) | 0.92 |
| Δ High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mg/dl | − 0.8 (6.9) | − 0.7 (10.9) | 0.1 (7.2) | − 1.0 (9.1) | 0.92 |
| Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mg/dl | 111.6 (25.9) | 111.0 (26.4) | 107.8 (30.5) | 109.1 (24.7) | 0.82 |
| Δ Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mg/dl | − 0.7 (24.0) | − 4.0 (18.6) | − 8.9 (16.1) | − 3.7 (23.4) | 0.18 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 109.2 (83.0) | 122.6 (64.6) | 104.5 (47.6) | 130.1 (62.4) | 0.21 |
| Δ Triglycerides, mg/dl | − 3.8 (61.4) | − 2.8 (52.4) | − 6.5 (39.6) | 1.6 (44.1) | 0.92 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 77.4 (12.3) | 79.2 (14.0) | 79.1 (11.1) | 80.0 (11.7) | 0.44 |
| Δ eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 5.9 (10.4) | 4.7 (11.9) | 4.9 (7.5) | 2.9 (9.8) | 0.28 |
| Rest UACR, mg/g | 3.2 [1.1, 6.3] | 5.8 [1.7, 13.5] | 3.7 [1.6, 8.5] | 5.7 [2.6, 16.4] | < 0.01 |
| Δ Rest UACR, mg/g | − 0.2 [− 3.2, 1.5] | − 1.8 [− 7.8, 1.1] | − 0.4 [− 4.2, 1.9] | − 0.3 [− 5.4, 4.4] | 0.19 |
| EiA, mg/g | 1.1 [− 1.2, 5.1] | 33.9 [25.9, 66.6] | 2.8 [− 3.5, 8.2] | 71.8 [38.3, 154.6] | < 0.01 |
| Δ EiA, mg/g | − 0.1 [− 4.2, 3.0] | − 31.2 [− 62.1, − 21.1] | 41.1 [29.0, 80.9] | − 17.5 [− 87.6, 30.0] | < 0.01 |
| Blood creatinine, mg/dl | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.46 |
| Δ Blood creatinine, mg/dl | − 0.1 (0.1) | − 0.1 (0.6) | − 0.1 (0.1) | − 0.1 (0.1) | 0.31 |
| Blood Albumin, g/l | 45.2 (2.3) | 45.5 (2.8) | 45.5 (1.8) | 45.8 (2.6) | 0.32 |
| Δ Blood Albumin, g/l | − 0.9 (2.3) | − 1.0 (2.5) | − 1.3 (2.2) | − 1.0 (2.3) | 0.78 |
| Diabetes diagnosis (%) | 3 (1) | 3 (5) | 4 (11) | 3 (6) | 0.01 |
| Pre-diabetes diagnosis (%) | 39 (15) | 15 (26) | 6 (16) | 12 (26) | < 0.01 |
| History of heart disease | 12 (5) | 4 (7) | 4 (11) | 5 (10) | 0.25 |
| Antihypertensive medications (%) | 28 (10) | 14 (24) | 6 (16) | 9 (19) | 0.03 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%) | 21 (8) | 10 (17) | 5 (14) | 7 (15) | 0.11 |
| Lipid lowering medications (%) | 33 (12) | 11 (19) | 10 (27) | 12 (25) | 0.03 |